1. The stock market is where individuals and institutions buy and sell shares of publicly-traded companies. It plays a crucial role in wealth creation and capital allocation.

2. Bonds: Bonds represent debt securities issued by governments, corporations, or municipalities. Investors receive periodic interest payments and the return of the principal upon maturity.

3. Mutual Funds: Mutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other assets. They offer diversification and professional management.

4. Real Estate: Investing in real estate, whether through direct property ownership or real estate investment Finance trusts (REITs), can provide rental income and capital appreciation.

5. Alternative Investments: This category includes investments in hedge funds, private equity, commodities, and cryptocurrencies, offering unique risk-return profiles.

IV. Banking: The Financial Services Backbone

Banks are at the heart of the financial system, offering various financial services to individuals and businesses. Key aspects of banking include:

1. Retail Banking: Retail banks provide services to individual customers, including savings accounts, checking accounts, personal loans, and mortgages.

2. Commercial Banking: Commercial banks serve businesses, offering services such as business loans, credit lines, treasury management, and merchant services.

3. Investment Banking: Investment banks assist companies in raising capital through IPOs (initial public offerings) and provide advisory services in mergers and acquisitions.